Although hpv infection is nearly ubiquitous, the virus does not cause cancer in the large majority of cases 7. Hpv replication cycle hpv is a nonenveloped and doublestranded dna virus with tropism for epithelial cells 9. Human papillomavirus hpv produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes. Human papillomavirus infection of the skin archives of. Risk factors for the presence of hpv are high number of sexual partners, early cohabitarche, young age at first delivery, suppression and alteration of. Subclinical or latent cervical infections with highrisk hpv types such as hpv 16 and 18 have an increased risk for the development of hpvassociated neoplasia. Recommendations for vaccination against human papilloma virus hpv infection for the prevention of cervical cancer. Infection by specific hpv types has been linked to the development of cervical carcinoma. Hpv infection occurs when the virus enters your body, usually through a cut, abrasion or small tear in your skin.
Pathogenesis of human papillomavirusassociated mucosal. Pinkbook hpv epidemiology of vaccine preventable diseases. Genital hpv is a very common viral infection in sexually active adults. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus immunological responses to hpv. Recognition of the etiologic role of human papillomavirus hpv infection in cervical cancer has led to the recommendation of adding hpv testing to the screening regimen in women 3065 years of age see workup. Cancer statistics report an increased incidence of oscc and opscc around the world. However, the majority of infections are subclinical 7. Core concepts human papillomavirus infection pathogen.
Pathology and epidemiology of hpv infection in females. New insights in the pathogenesis of hpv infection and the. Core concepts human papillomavirus infection pathogenbased. In order to establish infection, hpv needs access to the basal cells ofthe differentiating epithelium which occurs most commonly throughmicrolacerations. Review of the current knowledge on the epidemiology. The most extensive and well demonstrated evidence about the association between human papillomavirus hpv oncogenic types infection and neoplasms include the cervical and the anal squamous cell carcinomas. However, in some cases, an hpv infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus immunological responses to hpv infection. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus immunological responses to hpv infection chapter pdf available july 2016 with 1,293 reads how we measure reads.
Human papillomavirus hpv is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections stis. Identification of genital hpv infection as a important step in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer has focused attention on developing a vaccine against the virus. Classification of hpv is based on the dna sequence of the viral l1 gene 2. Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in developing countries because of high hpv infection rates and lack of comprehensive cervical pap smear testing of susceptible women. If the both immune responses cannot clear the hpv infection in two years cervical cancer and other high risk cancers may result. Effects of urethane, ambient temperature and injection route on rat body temperature and metabolism due to endotoxins. What is the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus hpv infection. However, the etiological role of hpv infection in the pathogenesis of urinary tract has not been clarified. Most hpv infections are asymptomatic and result in no clinical disease. Besides hpv additional cofactors are necessary to transform hpv infected tissue to intraepithelial or invasive neoplasia. Although host immune responses clear most infections, persistence of some hpv types causes 5% of human cancers and severe pathogenesis in immunosuppressed individuals. Persistence of infection by highrisk hpv types is the greatest risk factor for development of genital. What is the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus hpv. Persistent infection by human papilloma virus hpv is.
Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus immunological. Autoinoculation of virus into opposed lesions is common. Some types of hpv infection cause warts, and some can cause different types of cancer. Human papillomavirus infection and pathogenesis in urothelial. Feb 12, 2019 recognition of the etiologic role of human papillomavirus hpv infection in cervical cancer has led to the recommendation of adding hpv testing to the screening regimen in women 3065 years of age see workup. Thetime course of infection has been studied on human xenografts in nude mice infected with hpv 11 usingin situhybridisation. Antibodies against the hpv 16 e7 protein indicate an increased risk for cervical cancer. The adaptive immune response is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis b virus infection. Pathogenesis, oncogenic role, epidemiology and detection techniques. Although the incidence of infection is high, most infections resolve spontaneously. In most women, cervical infection even with a highrisk hpv is selflimited.
Normal hpv infections are not associated with malignant transformation since the majority of hpv infections are spontaneously cleared and most patients show an effective immune response against subsequent hpv infections,21,30. Genital hpv infections are contracted through sexual intercourse, anal sex and other skintoskin contact in the genital region. Risk factors for the presence of hpv are high number of sexual partners, early cohabitarche, young age at first delivery, suppression and alteration. Cellmediated immunity cmi probably plays a significant role in wart regression. Human papillomavirus 175 11 human papillomavirus hpv is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the united states. Regression or persistence of subclinical and latent genital hpv infections as observed in longitudinal investigations show a constant comeandgo of hpv presence. Pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses in differentiating epithelia. The role of human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of head. The virus is transferred primarily by skintoskin contact. Human papillomavirus hpv is a small doublestranded dna virus with tropism for epithelial cells. Citeseerx human papillomavirus infection and cervical. Aetiology,pathogenesis,andpathologyofcervical neoplasia. The role of human papillomavirus infection in the pathogenesis of penile squamous cell carcinomas.
Microbiology, pathogenesis, and natural history human. Highrisk types are associated with mild to severe pap test abnormalities and, rarely, cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, penis. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirusassociated mucosal disease. In the last decades, the human papillomavirus hpv emerged as an etiological cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma hnscc, especially in the oropharynx. The relationship of cervical cancer and sexual behavior was suspected for more than 100 years and was established by epidemiologic studies in the 1960s. The lefthand panel shows the genomic organization of the major hrhpv, hpv16. Hepatitis b virus is dangerous because it attacks the liver, thus inhibiting the functions of this vital organ. However, women who have symptoms, abnormal screening test results, or a gross lesion of the cervix are best evaluated with colposcopy. T2 basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and oncogenicity. Seroreactivity against genital hpv may be due to an active infection or the result of contact with hpv earlier in life. A simplified association between hpv type and the skin lesion it produces is presented in the table.
Over 100 different types of hpvs have been identified to date, and all target epithelial tissues for infection. Several recent studies described that highrisk human papillomavirus hpv infection could have a potential role in the development of malignancies other than cervical cancer, such as laryngeal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, and anal carcinoma. Glandular cells do not support productive hpv infection, and hpv dna in adenocarcinomas is present in low copy numbers. You are just a few steps away from free ce credits. Onethird of hpv types specifically infect the genital tract, and a subset of these are the causative agents of anogenital cancers. To this end, lower eukaryotic cells can produce preparative amounts of properlyfolded selfassembled viruslike particles vlp composed of the major structural viral protein l1. Pdf share checkonlearning questions display options. Human papillomavirus hpv is a common cause of cutaneous and mucosal infection. To this date, over 150 genotypes are known and are classified into two major groups, lowrisk and highrisk strains, depending on the ability of the virus to induce malignant transformation. Feb 20, 2020 human papillomavirus hpv produces epithelial tumors of the skin and mucous membranes.
Clinical manifestations of hpv infection include anogenital warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, cervical cancer precursors cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and cancers, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancer. Clinical, subclinical, and latent human papillomavirus hpv infections are distinguished from hpv associated neoplasia. Human papillomaviruses hpv are the etiological agents of cervical and other anogenital malignancies. Pdf pathogenesis of human papillomavirus immunological. Human papillomavirus infection hpv infection is an infection caused by the human papillomavirus hpv. Vaccination against hpv prevents the acquisition of cervical dysplastic lesions among eligible women who have not already acquired the vaccinespecific hpv types. The role of two intracellular dna sensors, which belong to the pyhin family interferoninducible protein 16 ifi16 and absent in melanoma 2 protein aim2, has been analyzed in relation to hpv infection and head and neck. Lowrisk genital hpv types are associated with mild pap test abnormalities and genital warts. Summary human papillomaviruses hpv are the etiological agents of cervical and other anogenital malignancies.
Though improvements in screening and early diagnosis have dramatically reduced the incidence of this neoplasm in recent years, the 5yeardiseasefree survival, is still poor, specially for oropharyngeal cancer, despite the great scientific and financial efforts. Biology and pathogenesis 21 aneuploidy with the presence of tetraploid cells is frequently found in precancerous lesions ass ociat ed wit h hpv inf ectio n. If hpv infection becomes a prolonged persistent infection there is a higher risk of cancer development. The 9valent hpv vaccine 9vhpv is the major hpv vaccine used and this vaccine prevents infection with hpv types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Mar 29, 2011 cancer statistics report an increased incidence of oscc and opscc around the world. Spread of hpv infection is usually through skinassociated virus and not bloodborne infection.
About 90% of hpv infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously within two years. The current classification system for hpv, which is based on similarities in genomic sequences, generally correlates with the 3 clinical categories applied to hpv infection. Cin1 overlaps with hpv infection and usually resolves spontaneously within 912 months. To date, studies on the role of hpv in breast carcinogenesis have generated considerable controversies and it is still not clear whether hpv infection is implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis. Author summary human papillomaviruses hpv are epitheliotropic tumor viruses causing mostly benign warts but that have developed strategies to establish persistent infections. Infections by highrisk human papillomaviruses hpvs have been implicated as. The human papillomavirus hpv is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease in both men and women around the world, especially in developing countries, where the prevalence of asymptomatic infection varies from 2 to 44%, depending on the population and studied region sanjose et al. Pdf relation between hpv infection and the pathogenesis. In the early 1980s, cervical cancer cells were demonstrated to contain hpv dna. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book. Pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses in differentiating. Human papillomavirus hpv is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the united states. The virus causes persistent infection, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and immune complex disease.
N2 human papillomaviruses hpvs are small doublestranded dna viruses that infect the cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. Hpv infection is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths warts. There are numerous followup studies of cin1 showing a highly variable risk of progression to cin23 and a consequent risk of invasive cancer in a small minority of patients ostor 1993. Hpv infection is a sexually transmissible disease, and most breast cancers originate from mammary duct epithelia. It is generally acknowledged that the humoral antibody response contributes to the clearance of circulating virus particles and the prevention of viral spread within the host while the cellular immune. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus hpv. Anogenital or mucosal further subclassified as latent asymptomatic, subclinica.
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